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In the following, the sources and illustrations are listed by chapter and station. If no source is given for illustrations and documents, these are project-own graphics and documents that can be used under the conditions of the Creative Commons license with indication of the Digital Forest Lab.
Text sources:
[1] "What is Forest?" https://www.sdw.de/ueber-den-wald/waldwissen/was-ist-wald/ (accessed November 10, 2022).
[2] 2005-2022 Aachen Foundation Kathy Beys, "Lexicon of Sustainability | Definitions | Biodiversity," Lexicon of Sustainability, October 19, 2015. https://www.nachhaltigkeit.info/artikel/biodiversitaet_1831.htm (accessed November 10, 2022).
[3] "What is an Ecosystem - Forest Knowledge - Tree Donations - Enterprise Forest Foundation." https://www.wald.de/waldwissen/was-ist-ein-oekosystem/ (accessed November 10, 2022).
[4] "Tree species," Schutzgemeinschaft Deutscher Wald. https://www.sdw.de/ueber-den-wald/waldwissen/baumarten/ (accessed November 10, 2022).
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Image sources:
Fig. 1 The forest in Haselberg
Fig. 2 The grey bark remains smooth until old age.
Fig. 3 The European beech is easy to recognize by the regular leaf veins and the wavy edge.
Fig. 4 The bark of the spruce has small grey-green scales, caused by various lichens that settle there.
Fig. 5 Spruce components such as the short needles and the spruce cone (Source: Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1887)
Fig. 6 Spruce wood
Fig. 7 Beech wood
Fig. 8 The brown-green bark has longer furrows and lichens (Source: forsterklaert.de/eiche)
Fig. 9 The leaf shapes from the left: English oak, sessile oak and red oak from North America (Source: drbrodde.de)
Fig. 10 Oaks often form so called water sprouts, i.e. branches that sprout from the trunk and strongly characterize their appearance.
Fig. 11 The reddish-brown bark has large scales on the lower trunk.
Fig. 12 The needles of the pine are bluish, thin and long
Fig. 13 The reddish-brown bark breaks in waves
Fig. 14 The leaf of the sycamore maple
Fig. 15 Most common maple species and their leaf shapes (Source: SDW.de)
2 Biotopes and Fauna
[5] "Ecosystem: definition, explanation & examples | StudySmarter", StudySmarter EN. https://www.studysmarter.de/schule/biologie/oekologie/oekosystem/ (accessed December 9, 2022).[6] "Ecological Niche." https://www.spektrum.de/lexikon/biologie/oekologische-nische/47465 (accessed December 15, 2022).[7] "Animal fact sheets," Deutscher Jagdverband. https://www.jagdverband.de/zahlen-fakten/tiersteckbriefe (accessed January 10, 2023).[8] Bundesumweltministerium, "Ursachen für die Bedrohung der Tier- und Pflanzenarten | BMUV," Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Nuclear Safety and Consumer Protection. https://www.bmuv.de/themen/naturschutz-artenvielfalt/artenschutz/nationaler-artenschutz/ursachen-fuer-die-bedrohung-der-tier-und-pflanzenarten (accessed January 12, 2023).[9] "The roe deer - NABU NRW", NABU - Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V. https://nrw.nabu.de/natur-und-landschaft/landnutzung/jagd/jagdbare-arten/weitere-saeugetiere/06785.html (accessed January 16, 2023).[10] "Wild Boar - Research, Biology, Ecology, Classes of Wild Boar," umweltanalysen.com. https://www.umweltanalysen.com/wildschwein/ (accessed January 10, 2023).[11] D. W. S. Germany Hamburg, "Wildtiere in Deutschland," Deutsche Wildtier Stiftung. https://www.deutschewildtierstiftung.de/wildtiere (accessed January 10, 2023).[12] Wermelinger, B.; Duelli, P, "Insects in the forest ecosystem," waldwissen.net, 2005. https://www.waldwissen.net/de/lebensraum-wald/tiere-im-wald/insekten-wirbellose/die-insekten-im-oekosystem-wald (accessed December 14, 2022).[13] "The value of our birds", Bird & Nature - Online Magazine for Birdwatching, April 20, 2016. https://www.vogelundnatur.de/wert-unserer-voegel/ (accessed February 14, 2023).[14] "Homo sapiens: features & profile | StudySmarter," StudySmarter EN. https://www.studysmarter.de/schule/biologie/evolution/homo-sapiens/ (accessed February 9, 2023).[15] M. Fischer, "Does it go together - the forest, the deer, the human?", Natural Forest Academy, May 15, 2021. https://naturwald-akademie.org/waldwissen/walddiskurs/geht-das-zusammen-der-wald-das-reh-der-mensch/ (accessed April 11, 2023)....................................................................................................................................................................
Fig. 16 The vertical structure in the forest
Fig. 17 A longhorn beetle ( Spondylis buprestoides ) on a spruce tree
Fig. 18 Various insect species and fungi have specialized on dead coniferous wood, for example. In some cases, the species even vary depending on the tree species.
Fig. 19 A red deer cow with her young (Source: Wonderful-earth.com)
Fig. 20 A red deer in the stand near Haselberg
Fig. 21 The summer coat of the red deer (Source: fotocommunity.de)
Fig. 22 The red-brown roe deer usually keep under cover during the day (Source: jagd.heintges-elearning.de)
Fig. 23 At night they go foraging either individually or in the small herd, as can be seen on our game camera on site
Fig. 24 Roebucks are mostly solitary and only visit the doe's herds during mating season (source: www.digitalmagazin.de)
Fig. 25 Sows are usually surrounded by their young throughout the year.
Fig. 26 A smaller herd with an albino young boar was recorded in Haselberg.
Fig. 27 Wild boars are good swimmers and migrate easily over water
Fig. 28 Ants transport food (Source: Waldwissen.net)
Fig. 29 The jay can be quickly recognized by its light blue striped wing coverts and are the gardeners of the forest (Source: nabu.de)
Fig. 30 A human (Source: VancouverSun.ca)
Fig. 31 Human-planted forest at a logging road for the removal of the resource
Fig. 32 Oak wood
3 Soils of the forest
[16] J. Stoll, " Little Soil Science," Federal Environmental Agency, July 8, 2013. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/boden-landwirtschaft/kleine-bodenkunde (accessed February 14, 2023).[17] Forest Enterprise Foundation, "Soil Science - Forest Knowledge." https://www.wald.de/bodenkunde/ (accessed February 14, 2023).[18] "Facts worth knowing about mushrooms - NABU," NABU - Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V. https://www.nabu.de/tiere-und-pflanzen/pilze-und-flechten/14131.html (accessed December 13, 2022).[19] W. Koppe, " Information Sheet Glacial Series," Klett.de. https://www.klett.de/alias/1014739 (accessed April 12, 2023).[20] P. Mosch, "Bachelor thesis: conception of a long-term experimental plot in small private forest considering silvicultural, climatic and economic aspects". Eberswalde University of Applied Sciences, February 25, 2022.[21] "The most important soil horizons | bodenwelten." https://www.bodenwelten.de/content/die-wichtigsten-bodenhorizonte (accessed June 15, 2023).[22] "What is humus? | soil worlds". https://www.bodenwelten.de/content/was-ist-humus (accessed June 15, 2023).[23] "SEA 95."................................................................................................................................................................................Fig. 33 The different soil types around Haselberg (red dot) and around Eberswalde (Source: geoportal.de)
Fig. 34 Exemplary interconnectivity of the destructors: Insects and soil organisms (Source: uni-muenster.de)
Fig. 35 Beech slime fungi grow particularly well in dead beech wood and generally in mixed forests.
Fig. 36 The influence of mycorrhizal symbioses on nutrient uptake and plant growth (Source: Gaia.de)
Fig. 37 Components of the glacial series formed by the advancing and retreating glaciers (Source: Klett.de)
Fig. 38 Geological and geomorphological overview map Barnim (Source: Stackebrandt & Manhenke, 2010)
Fig. 39 Tangential section of pine wood (Source: Hausjournal.net)
Fig. 40 The horizon sequence categories for determining soil types (Source: Wald.de)
Fig. 41 Already a spade excavation in Haselberg shows the stratification of overlying horizon and mineral soil
Fig. 42 Woodruff Gallium oduratum with worm fern in the background
Fig. 43 The fruiting body of the tinder fungi
5 Inventory and monitoring[24] "TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis - IPCC." https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg1/ (accessed November 23, 2021).[25] United Nations, "Sustainability Inherent to Indigenous Political Ecology," United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/we-are-indigenous-sustainability-inherent-indigenous-political-ecology (accessed June 19, 2023).[26] M. Pelaez, "The World's Best Forest Guardians: Indigenous Peoples," Rainforest Alliance, August 4, 2022.https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/insights/indigenous-peoples-the-best-forest-guardians/ (accessed June 19, 2023).[27] "UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Conference 1992)," German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://www.bmz.de/de/service/lexikon/un-konferenz-fuer-umwelt-und-entwicklung-rio-konferenz-1992-22238 (accessed June 19, 2023).[28] 2005-2022 Aachen Foundation Kathy Beys, "Lexicon of Sustainability | Definitions | Biodiversity," Lexicon of Sustainability, October 19, 2015. https://www.nachhaltigkeit.info/artikel/biodiversitaet_1831.htm (accessed November 10, 2022).[29] S. Wilke, "Sustainable Forest Management," Federal Environment Agency, September 12, 2013. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/land-forstwirtschaft/nachhaltige-waldwirtschaft (accessed June 8, 2023).................................................................................................................................................................................Fig. 44 Young, dead and old trees have different functions for the management
Fig. 45 The map of the stand area in Haselberg.
Fig. 46 A beech with many twigs (more than one main axis; genetically determined) is considered economically unfavourable and bears the risk of similar seed growth
Fig. 47 A pine with many woodpecker holes is economically no longer usable but ecologically very valuable as habitat
Fig. 48 A beech splintered by lightning offers space for insects and fungi
6 Forest management II[30] H. Kramer and A. Alparslan, Leitfaden zur Waldmesslehre. Frankfurt am Main: Sauerländer, 1995.[31] "Forstliches Glossar - Forstwirtschaft in Deutschland". Accessed: January 4, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://www.forstwirtschaft-in-deutschland.de/waelder-entdecken/forstliches-glossar/[32] "Support for forestry practice: New generation of dynamic yield tables". Accessed: January 4, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://news.fnr.de/fnr-pressemitteilung/unterstuetzung-fuer-die-forstliche-praxis-neue-generation-dynamischer-ertragstafeln[33] K. B. Marschall Nicolas, "L: LIDAR", Dictionary of Remote Sensing. Accessed: August 8, 2021 [Online]. Available at: https://www.fe-lexikon.info/lexikon-l.htm[34] "Lidar technology for scalable forest inventory".Accessed: July 20, 2023. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gim-international.com/content/article/lidar-technology-for-scalable-forest-inventory................................................................................................................................................................................Fig. 49 Histogram of the BHD distribution of the stand in Haselberg
Fig. 50 Graph showing the height/diameter ratio in the Haselberg stand
Fig. 51 Distribution of stand basal areas by tree species in the Haselberg stand
Fig. 52 A section of the already filtered point cloud data captured by a portable personalized laser scanner with LiDaR technology and classified as understory, ground vegetation, stem wood and foliage
7 Timber harvesting[35] "Spruce forest - Germany's nature". Accessed: July 25, 2023 [Online]. Available at: https://www.deutschlands-natur.de/lebensraeume/waelder/fichtenforst/[36] "Bark beetle - forest knowledge - tree donations - Stiftung Unternehmen Wald". Accessed: June 6, 2023 [Online]. Available at: https://www.wald.de/forstwirtschaft/waldschutz/borkenkaefer/[37] M. Fischer, "Totholz bleibt über Generationen im Wald", Naturwald Akademie. Accessed: January 15, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://naturwald-akademie.org/forschung/studien/totholz-kann-ueber-generationen-im-wald-bleiben/----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fig. 53 Dead spruce trees are also a risk for people and other trees, as they are usually affected by red rot and fall over more easilyFig. 54 Spruce cultures like this one, without mixed tree species, are particularly at risk (LWF.bayern.de)Fig. 55 Pupae in the feeding gallery and larvae of the bark beetleFig. 56 Red rot not only damages the vitality of the spruce, but also devalues the wood for economic useFig. 57 The deadwood is left on the area to protect the regeneration from browsing and to return nutrients.Fig. 58 Resin droplets on a spruceFig. 59 The typical feeding path of beetles on fallen bark
[38] R. Pausch, "Select timber harvesting methods correctly". Accessed: January 18, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://www.waldwissen.net/de/technik-und-planung/forsttechnik-und-holzernte/kalkulationshilfen/holzernteverfahren-richtig-auswaehlen[39] L. F. E.- LFE, "Grundlagen für den vorsorgenden Bodenschutz bei der Holzernte im Landesforst Brandenburg". Accessed: February 13, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://www.waldwissen.net/de/technik-und-planung/forsttechnik-und-holzernte/bodenschutzund-holzernte[40] L. Blasko, "Key figures for wood and services 2021".[41] KWF, "Timber harvesting methods". Accessed: February 13, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://holzernte.kwf-online.de/grund/technic/harvester.html----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fig. 60 The spruce hole is overgrown with densely growing maple regeneration thanks to the bulky deadwoodFig. 61 The felled spruce trees remaining in the stand prevent game from getting through.Fig. 62 The trees to the left and right of the logging roads show damage that does not cause them to die, but predisposes them to the penetration of insects, bacteria and fungi, in addition to the reduced root spread in the course of soil compaction.Fig. 63 Map of the parcel in Haselberg, highlighting the elevation with the logging roads adapted to the slope, the main path and the felled spruces.Fig. 64 Manual harvesting with a chainsaw in the Haselberg standFig. 65 Partially mechanized harvesting with a cable winch connected to the forwarder