Sources and additional knowledge pools

In the following, the sources and illustrations are listed by chapter and station. If no source is given for illustrations and documents, these are project-own graphics and documents that can be used under the conditions of the Creative Commons license with indication of the Digital Forest Lab.

Fig.1 The forest in Haselberg

Fig.2 The grey bark remains smooth until old age.

Fig.3 The European beech is easy to recognize by the regular leaf veins and the wavy edge.

Fig.4 The bark of the spruce has small grey-green scales, caused by various lichens that settle there.

Fig.5 Spruce components such as the short needles and the spruce cone (Source: Franz Eugen Köhler, Köhler's Medizinal-Pflanzen, 1887)

Fig.6 Spruce wood

Fig.7 Beech wood

Fig.8 The brown-green bark has longer furrows and lichens (Source: forsterklaert.de/eiche)

Fig.9 The leaf shapes from the left: English oak, sessile oak and red oak from North America (Source: drbrodde.de)

Fig.10 Oaks often form so called water sprouts, i.e. branches that sprout from the trunk and strongly characterize their appearance.

Fig.11 The reddish-brown bark has large scales on the lower trunk.

Fig.12 The needles of the pine are bluish, thin and long

Fig.13 The reddish-brown bark breaks in waves

Fig.14 The leaf of the sycamore maple

Fig.15 Most common maple species and their leaf shapes (Source: SDW.de)

[16]J. Stoll, " Little Soil Science," Federal Environmental Agency, July 8, 2013. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/themen/boden-landwirtschaft/kleine-bodenkunde (accessed February 14, 2023).

[17]- Forest Enterprise Foundation, "Soil Science - Forest Knowledge." https://www.wald.de/bodenkunde/ (accessed February 14, 2023).

[18]" Facts worth knowing about mushrooms - NABU," NABU - Naturschutzbund Deutschland e.V. https://www.nabu.de/tiere-und-pflanzen/pilze-und-flechten/14131.html (accessed December 13, 2022).

[19]W. Koppe, " Information Sheet Glacial Series," Klett.de. https://www.klett.de/alias/1014739 (accessed April 12, 2023).

[20]P. Mosch, "Bachelor thesis: conception of a long-term experimental plot in small private forest considering silvicultural, climatic and economic aspects". Eberswalde University of Applied Sciences, February 25, 2022.

[21]"The most important soil horizons | bodenwelten." https://www.bodenwelten.de/content/die-wichtigsten-bodenhorizonte (accessed June 15, 2023).

[22]"What is humus? | soil worlds". https://www.bodenwelten.de/content/was-ist-humus (accessed June 15, 2023).

[23]"SEA 95."

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Fig.33 The different soil types around Haselberg (red dot) and around Eberswalde (Source: geoportal.de)

Fig.34 Exemplary interconnectivity of the destructors: Insects and soil organisms (Source: uni-muenster.de)

Fig.35 Beech slime fungi grow particularly well in dead beech wood and generally in mixed forests.

Fig.36 The influence of mycorrhizal symbioses on nutrient uptake and plant growth (Source: Gaia.de)

Fig.37 Components of the glacial series formed by the advancing and retreating glaciers (Source: Klett.de)

Fig.38 Geological and geomorphological overview map Barnim (Source: Stackebrandt & Manhenke, 2010)

Fig.39 Tangential section of pine wood (Source: Hausjournal.net)

Fig.40 The horizon sequence categories for determining soil types (Source: Wald.de)

Fig.41 Already a spade excavation in Haselberg shows the stratification of overlying horizon and mineral soil

Fig.42 Woodruff Gallium oduratum with worm fern in the background

Fig.43 The fruiting body of the tinder fungi

Chapter II Forest management

[24] "TAR Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis - IPCC." https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg1/ (accessed November 23, 2021).

[25] United Nations, "Sustainability Inherent to Indigenous Political Ecology," United Nations. https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/we-are-indigenous-sustainability-inherent-indigenous-political-ecology (accessed June 19, 2023).

[26] M. Pelaez, "The World's Best Forest Guardians: Indigenous Peoples," Rainforest Alliance, August 4, 2022.

https://www.rainforest-alliance.org/insights/indigenous-peoples-the-best-forest-guardians/ (accessed June 19, 2023).

[27] "UN Conference on Environment and Development (Rio Conference 1992)," German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development. https://www.bmz.de/de/service/lexikon/un-konferenz-fuer-umwelt-und-entwicklung-rio-konferenz-1992-22238 (accessed June 19, 2023).

[28] 2005-2022 Aachen Foundation Kathy Beys, "Lexicon of Sustainability | Definitions | Biodiversity," Lexicon of Sustainability, October 19, 2015. https://www.nachhaltigkeit.info/artikel/biodiversitaet_1831.htm (accessed November 10, 2022).

[29] S. Wilke, "Sustainable Forest Management," Federal Environment Agency, September 12, 2013. https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/daten/land-forstwirtschaft/nachhaltige-waldwirtschaft (accessed June 8, 2023).

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Fig.44 Young, dead and old trees have different functions for the management

Fig.45 The map of the stand area in Haselberg.

Fig.46 A beech with many twigs (more than one main axis; genetically determined) is considered economically unfavourable and bears the risk of similar seed growth

Fig.47 A pine with many woodpecker holes is economically no longer usable but ecologically very valuable as habitat

Fig.48 A beech splintered by lightning offers space for insects and fungi

[30] H. Kramer and A. Alparslan, Leitfaden zur Waldmesslehre. Frankfurt am Main: Sauerländer, 1995.

[31] "Forstliches Glossar - Forstwirtschaft in Deutschland". Accessed: January 4, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://www.forstwirtschaft-in-deutschland.de/waelder-entdecken/forstliches-glossar/

[32] "Support for forestry practice: New generation of dynamic yield tables". Accessed: January 4, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://news.fnr.de/fnr-pressemitteilung/unterstuetzung-fuer-die-forstliche-praxis-neue-generation-dynamischer-ertragstafeln

[33] K. B. Marschall Nicolas, "L: LIDAR", Dictionary of Remote Sensing. Accessed: August 8, 2021 [Online]. Available at: https://www.fe-lexikon.info/lexikon-l.htm

[34] "Lidar technology for scalable forest inventory".Accessed: July 20, 2023. [Online]. Available at: https://www.gim-international.com/content/article/lidar-technology-for-scalable-forest-inventory

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Fig.49 Histogram of the BHD distribution of the stand in Haselberg

Fig.50 Graph showing the height/diameter ratio in the Haselberg stand

Fig.51 Distribution of stand basal areas by tree species in the Haselberg stand

Fig.52 A section of the already filtered point cloud data captured by a portable personalized laser scanner with LiDaR technology and classified as understory, ground vegetation, stem wood and foliage

[35]"Spruce forest - Germany's nature". Accessed: July 25, 2023 [Online]. Available at: https://www.deutschlands-natur.de/lebensraeume/waelder/fichtenforst/

[36]"Bark beetle - forest knowledge - tree donations - Stiftung Unternehmen Wald". Accessed: June 6, 2023 [Online]. Available at: https://www.wald.de/forstwirtschaft/waldschutz/borkenkaefer/

[37]M. Fischer, "Totholz bleibt über Generationen im Wald", Naturwald Akademie. Accessed: January 15, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://naturwald-akademie.org/forschung/studien/totholz-kann-ueber-generationen-im-wald-bleiben/

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Fig.53 Dead spruce trees are also a risk for people and other trees, as they are usually affected by red rot and fall over more easily

Fig.54 Spruce cultures like this one, without mixed tree species, are particularly at risk (LWF.bayern.de)

Fig.55 Pupae in the feeding gallery and larvae of the bark beetle

Fig.56 Red rot not only damages the vitality of the spruce, but also devalues the wood for economic use

Fig.57 The deadwood is left on the area to protect the regeneration from browsing and to return nutrients.

Fig.58 Resin droplets on a spruce

Fig.59 The typical feeding path of beetles on fallen bark

[38]R. Pausch, "Select timber harvesting methods correctly". Accessed: January 18, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://www.waldwissen.net/de/technik-und-planung/forsttechnik-und-holzernte/kalkulationshilfen/holzernteverfahren-richtig-auswaehlen

[39]L. F. E.- LFE, "Grundlagen für den vorsorgenden Bodenschutz bei der Holzernte im Landesforst Brandenburg". Accessed: February 13, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://www.waldwissen.net/de/technik-und-planung/forsttechnik-und-holzernte/bodenschutzund-holzernte

[40]L. Blasko, "Key figures for wood and services 2021". 

[41]KWF, "Timber harvesting methods". Accessed: February 13, 2024 [Online]. Available at: https://holzernte.kwf-online.de/grund/technic/harvester.html

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Fig.60 The spruce hole is overgrown with densely growing maple regeneration thanks to the bulky deadwood

Fig.61 The felled spruce trees remaining in the stand prevent game from getting through.

Fig.62 The trees to the left and right of the logging roads show damage that does not cause them to die, but predisposes them to the penetration of insects, bacteria and fungi, in addition to the reduced root spread in the course of soil compaction.

Fig.63 Map of the parcel in Haselberg, highlighting the elevation with the logging roads adapted to the slope, the main path and the felled spruces.

Fig.64 Manual harvesting with a chainsaw in the Haselberg stand

Fig. 65 Partially mechanized harvesting with a cable winch connected to the forwarder